Luxury Goods Essay Example

Extravagance Goods Essay Section 2: Literature Reappraisals 2.0 Definition of Luxury Goods The word ‘luxury can be characterized as territory of life in which has usages things that please the faculties or enchanting to hold yet non imperative. â€Å"A great accomplishes the name as a â€Å"luxury† when it has an impossible to miss plan, quality, open introduction or lastingness that is abnormally better than the similar substitutes† ( Snapshot of U.S Luxury Good Market, 2007 ) . Dubois, Laurent and Czellar ( 2001 ) and Survanasuddhi ( 2007 ) expressed a meaning of the nature and highlights of the build of extravagance. The six perspectives are top of the line quality, truly elevated financial worth, scarceness and peculiarity, style and polysensuality, genetic legacy and individual history and pointlessness. Extravagance products are lifting in fame especially as customers buying conduct is going more represented. Buyers feel that by having extravagance stocks can show their character and put them separated. In this way, â€Å"luxury products have been characterized as products for which the simple utilization or show of an exceptional marked product welcomes distinction on the owner, aside from any practical utility† ( Nia and Zaikowsky,2000 ) We will compose a custom article test on Luxury Goods explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Luxury Goods explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Luxury Goods explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The term ‘prestige was characterized as it comprises of buyers intentions in trailing capable top notch, uniqueness, flagging riches and position great as feel advance ( Vigneron and Johnson, 1999 ) . ‘Prestige and ‘luxury are utilized equivalently in the VIgneron and Johnson s research. Vigneron and Johnson ( 1999 ) arranged three sorts of eminence exchange name as upmarket exchange names, premium exchange names and extravagance exchange names, severally in an expanding request of glory. Consequently, it was normal that individuals would hold distinctive perceptual encounters of the level of notoriety for a similar exchange names, and that the general renown level of an exchange name would see the esteem perceptual encounters from various individuals. Starting: Vigneron and Johnson ( 1999 ) â€Å"Luxury exchange names can be depicted as premium estimated exchange names that shoppers buy for their mental qualities ( emblematic and libertine ) , and non predominately for their conservative and utilitarian value† ( Nueno and Quelch 1998 ; Stegeman, 2006 ) . In any case, the meaning of extravagance merchandise or exchange names can non be to the full perceived. The meaning of extravagance will be extraordinary and may non be the equivalent for another examination laborer. Chadha A ; Husband ( 2006 ) definition limits itself in that it just relates to extravagance way merchandise then again there are other extravagance products that are other than both all around accessible and acknowledged as extravagance. The meaning of extravagance exchange names have been characterized as a la mode and top notch purchasers products made by presumed extravagance exchange names which contained wearable way merchandise, for example, wallet, money clip, places and belt ( Chadha and Husband, 2006 ; Heinemann, 2008 ) . Way can be thought of the cultural, financial, political and creative powers of the clasp. Accoding to Gao, Norton, Zhang, To ( 2009 ) , â€Å"luxury way products are attire, accessories, wallets, places, tickers, gems, and smell for which utilization or show of curious marked stocks carries notoriety to owners, aside from any practical utility† . Depiction of U.S Luxury Good Market ( 2007 ) expressed way bunch speak to the significant product area in the extravagance merchandise showcase. It is of import to cognize that the examination indicated that â€Å"one 6th ( 16 % ) of the universe s customers guarantee to buy inside decorator brands† ( ACNielsen, 2008 ) . For this examination, the term extravagance products can be characterized as the exchange names that are characterized as luxurious in the one-year â€Å"Consumer and Designer Brand Report 2008† by the planetary Nielson house which the investigation is the biggest and it recognized the undermentioned merchandise as the extravagance way products. Calvin Klien Giorgio Armani Celine Ralph Lauren Louis Vuitton Ferragamo Diesel Burberry Chloe Chanel Versace Marc Jacobs Christian Dior Prada Gucci Givenchy DKNY Emporio Armani Valentino Hermes Fendi Yves Saint Lauren Max Mara The way products that appear above are non the solitary merchandise that are expressed as extravagance in this exploration. Shoppers permit to gauge and incorporate other exchange names which they believe is extravagance way products for them. Besides, there are numerous suppositions and places of extravagance from various pioneers perspective expressed in KPMG research ( Pull offing Luxury Brand Growth, 2006 ) . Extravagance is clarified in the plain exhibit underneath as devotees: Initiatives Name and Company Definition 1. Fellow Salter * Private Investor, Deputy Chairman of Walpole, the British Luxury products association Since extravagance undertakings in a way that did nt issue previously. Progressively, extravagance is huge concern: the extravagance segment is turning and fitting to most projections it will proceed to turn for the accompanying 10 to fifteen mature ages. 2. Belinda Earl, * Jaeger Group s primary official * Jaeger is an extravagance British exchange name famous for planing in vogue, progressed and splendid quality womenswear, menswear and accessories. None of us are in the worry marketing necessities ; extravagance is the worry of making and satisfying wants. 3. Richard Purdey of firearm shapers James Purdey and Sons * Celebrated British firearm shaper of London, and the name is equal with the extremely best including scatterguns and rifles. Purdeys hold or have held army warrants of task as weapon and rifle shapers to the British and other European regal family units. An existent extravagance exchange names must hold whole solidarity. It must be the buyer that says ‘this is extravagance . 4. Theo Fennell * Theo Fennell is the adornments shaper by using his name for his organization ‘Theo Fennel in London Extravagance is something that everybody needs and figure requests. 5. Joseph Wan of Harvey Nichols * CEO of retail vendor Harvey Nichols * Harvey Nichols is a universal extravagance way of life shop, eminent both in the UK and globally for the extensiveness and profundity of its sole way product. It offers a large number of the universe s most regarded exchange names womenswear, menswear, accessories, magnificence, supplement and spot. Extravagance is about history. An extravagance exchange name is a way of life build and to be manageable it needs to hold history, including a background marked by quality product and of existent extravagance clients.. 6. Raphael le Masne de Chermont, of Shanghai Tang * Executive Chair of Shanghai Tang * Shanghai Tang is the primary extravagance exchange name rising structure from Chiana It is non in the money related worth, it is in the pleasance you provide for the customer. It is to make with innovativeness, an amicable stylish with going to inside informations. 7.Christian Hafner * Head of Branding at Swarovski Extravagance is about history, validity, profundity and being a life partner. Purchasing an extravagance stock resembles an adoration matter. 2.1 Generation Y Age Y are other than alluded as the Millennial Generation or Generation Next or Net Generation depicts the segment accomplice following Generation X. Its individuals are as often as possible alluded to as Millennials or Echo Boomers. Blending to Shareef Mahdavi ( 2008 ) , Generation Y is the term used to delineate children of the Baby Boomer coevals, ordinarily conceived somewhere in the range of 1977 and 1995. McCrindle ( 2008 ) depicted the coevals Y conceived in the middle of 1980 and 1994. They are other than alluded to as ‘Millenials and ‘Echo Boomers in the western culture, especially American Society. Age Y are people who conceived between 1977 to 1994 that have a free dispensing soul and comprise of 71 million 8 to 25 twelvemonth olds ( Horovitz, 2002 ; Sriviroj 2007 ) . The wealthiest gatherings of individuals are between the ages of 19 to 25 twelvemonth olds who are either utilized in full clasp occupations or bit cut work despite the fact that there are bunch aggregate of coevals Y purchasers. The best purchasing power in the Generation Y school understudy takes topographic point inside the low maintenance student, who spends over $ 400 month to month on discretional buys while every now and again keeping all day business ( Gardyn, 2002 ) . The individuals who are either divide cut or at full clasp work are school understudies ( Martin A ; Turley, 2004 ) . Understudies ever fill in as segment cut work to happen overabundance support for their unreasonable payment during the college occasions or interferences. There are mean 80 % of students go toing school or college are utili zed ( Martin A ; Turley, 2004 ) . The monetary perception of the mean Generation Y buyer other than acquires them the cognizance and respect of venders despite the fact that their payment power altogether is sufficient ground to pay significant taking care of this gathering of buyers. The financial discernment of the mean Generation Y shopper other than gains them the respect of merchants today. Age Y purchasers have a particular total of extra cash because of the expanding of more noteworthy degree in the financial framework over the past decennary ( Martin A ; Turley, 2004 ) . Other than that, the examination recommended that â€Å"Generation Y has more discretional pay than the old coevalss and want to pass it on themselves rather than others. A ground for this might be on the grounds that they are get bringing down family units further down the road and thusly can pass their salary on themselves without holding to stress over others† ( Angela Hughes, 2008 ) The of import of this gathering of purchasers has taken on the

The Outsider’s Essay Free Essays

Zone of Study Essay †The Outsiders Essay Teenagers are demonstrated in an assortment of writings to be, rough, discourteous, troublesome and degenerate. S. E. We will compose a custom article test on The Outsider’s Essay or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Hinton’s tale ‘The Outsiders’ uncover adolescents to be adolescent delinquents who are rough and whose lone intrigue is staying dedicated to their pack and its individuals. The topic of the novel ‘The Outsiders’ as the primary characters are disclosed to be spoken to as adolescent delinquents who have a place with a brutal neighborhood and uncivilized packs. The packs that battle the most are the ‘Greasers’ and the ‘Socs’. The ‘Greasers’ are intense and as, they take from the shops, burglarize vehicles, bounce individuals, sneak into drive in motion pictures and don’t do well in school. The Greasers wear-long sleek hair and scruffy garments. The Socs are extreme, without hesitation and mean difficulty creators. The Soc’s do well in school; the Soc’s wear-short hairs, decent garments, and have costly vehicles. â€Å"How’d you like that hair style to start just underneath the neck†¦? † (Dialog). This uncovers the Socs are assaulting Ponyboy and are attempting to trim his hair. â€Å"What sort of world is it where all I must be glad for is a notoriety for being a hood, and oily hair? † (Rhetorical Question). Ponyboy is asking himself that what world he would need to live in to endure his notoriety and having oily hair. â€Å"You get intense like me and you don’t get injured. You pay special mind to yourself and nothin’ can contact you†¦ † (Dialog). Hesitate is revealing to Ponyboy that if your get intense like me you won’t need to endure what you’re experiencing. The ‘Greasers’ and the ‘Socs’ are adolescent delinquents who battle a ton and this is the means by which young people are spoken to in the novel. Young people in the novel ‘The Outsiders’ spoke to as rough, ill bred and insubordinate. The characterisation of Dallas Winston bolsters this contention. Hesitate is depicted through Ponyboy’s first individual portrayal, ‘he lied, cheated, rode in rodeos, he become inebriated, bounced little children †he did everything’. This portrayal of Dally demonstrates his lack of respect for the law and society. Ponyboy utilizes metaphorical language to describe Dally, ‘he had an impish face, with high cheekbones †¦ little sharp creature teeth and ears like a lynx’. This likeness shows Dally’s intense physical appearance and furthermore his response to be bestial in his conduct. First individual portrayal demonstrates Dally’s defiant past, ‘Dally had been captured at the time of en’ and ‘blew off steam in pack fights’. It is through the characterisation of Dally and Ponyboy’s first individual portrayal, the novel delineates young people as defiant, brutal and rude. Tarry conduct and lack of regard for ladies is uncovered in the occurrence at the drive-ins i ncluding Cherry and Marcia. Falter snuck in to drive-ins in light of the fact that ‘Dally loathed doing thing the lawful way’. Delay talked actually noisily utilizing hostile language with the goal that the young ladies could hear, ‘just to humiliate the girls’. Dillydally kept on slighting the young ladies by putting his feet on the rear of their seats. Falter shows no regard for ladies or the law in this episode and further accentuates the portrayal of youngsters in ‘The Outsiders’ as egotistical, impolite and juvenile. In the related content, Simple Plan’s ‘Welcome to my Life’ uncovers adolescents to be vexed, discouraged and overpowered. Basic Plans ‘Welcome to my life’ says about young people that are being harassed constantly and they’re simply securing them self’s there room in view of this explanation. For instance †â€Å"To be forgotten about in obscurity, To be kicked when you’re down, To feel like you’ve been pushed around, To be on the edge of separating, And no one’s there to spare you†. This statement of this tune is revealing to us that a few adolescents are being put down, being harassed, and don’t need to do what they will do in light of the fact that the individuals that domineering jerk them may be at that put and humiliate them there. Your insulted for being unique and all you need to do is lock yourself away and shout and rage,’ â€Å"To be harmed, to feel lost, to be forgotten about in obscurity, to be kicked when your down’ considerably after all the mistake and days individuals never comprehend they despite everything be-little you. At long last you neither consideration nor accept that you need to live. Before your life is finished. It is through these writings that youngsters are demonstrated to be trouble on society. It is trough S. E. Hintons ‘The Outsiders’ and the Simple Plans ‘Welcome to my Life’ that adolescent are delineated as insubordinate and impolite. This portrayal of teenager’s shapes crowd comprehends of young people in an antagonistic manner as they uncover the entirety of the horrible parts of being an adolescent. The most effective method to refer to The Outsider’s Essay, Essay models

Client Support Example

Client Support Example Client Support â€" Assignment Example > Agreement OverviewThis Service Level Agreement represents an agreement between PeopleSource and the Facilitator (representing the employees) on the provision of IT services that are required in supporting the client’s services. It should be noted that this agreement stays valid until the stated date or a revision of the same as advised by the client. This agreement does not supersede any previous agreements unless stated. VisionThe service provider seeks to offer satisfactory services to the client. This vision is a driving force towards a cordial relationship between the employee who is the client in this case, and IT department at PeopleSource (the service provider). Goals and ObjectivesThe agreement helps to put in place required commitment and consistency in the provision of stated IT services to the client. This agreement, therefore, desires to create and maintain mutual trust and understanding that will see both the client and the service provider relate harmoniously with the aim of providing quality services to the client by the service provider. This agreement also offers to outline the various services that the service provider will offer the client in the Information Technology sector. It also seeks to outline the procedures that the client and service provider should follow in the implementation of required tasks. The services to be offered by the service provider include the following; Setting up regular times to conduct check ups on the IT facilities. Carrying out email and telephone support from 9 AM to 5 PM every Monday to Friday. Introducing IT documentation of job profiles, organization chart, Helpdesk procedures and the Service Level Agreement. Installing systems that will lock out sites that are not work-related, for instance, facebook and download software. Developing a detailed job description document for employees in all the departments so that they are aware of what is expected of them at work. Changing the website language from A SP to NET framework to ease database access and operation. Developing a new database on oracle application that will be up to date with the changing technology. Making the website accessible on mobile phones to facilitate job applications by phone users. Communicating and documenting any services that have been carried out to the relevant parties for easy referencing. Appropriate forwarding of after work calls to designated individuals in the organization. Responding to IT related incidents or requests. Urgent issues will be addressed within 12 hours after receiving a notification. Issues that are considered essential but not urgent will be addressed within 24 hours while other issues will be handled within 5 days after notification. Setting up back-up systems for all the information contained in the organization database. Other web needs could be handled any time after notification since they could be solved from the department locations. The client responsibilities include the fo llowing; Timely payment of all the costs that the service provider will incur in carrying out the client’s IT needs. Prompt payment of the monthly fees to the service providers in the IT department as agreed. The reporting of any IT device that needs to be repaired, devices that have been damaged or those that do not function properly, should be done immediately these defaults are detected. This will help the IT personnel in creating the appropriate time to rectify the devices. The client will also give the IT personnel work leaves and day off to give them time to relax and bond with their friends and families, just like the other employees do. This is because the work that the IT people handle is hectic and rest helps them relax. Availing any tools or IT equipment that the IT personnel need within 24 hours after the formal request is submitted in order to facilitate smooth handling of assigned IT work. There will be the presence of a representative of the client in times of ser vice provision.

Examples Of Social Class In Jane Eyre - 1000 Words

Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist: Defining Class In this paper I will talk about the running theme of social class in the literary works Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and how they define social class in the Victorian era in a negative light. In these novels the characters have a hard time reaching a higher social status, and children of lower social class are often treated as animals. In these works of literature both authors depict social class in the Victorian era in the same light. Those who are not of high class are treated as they are lower than low. First, Characters in both Jane Eyre and Oliver Twist have a hard time coming reaching or bring accepted in a higher class. As seen in both novels, for a†¦show more content†¦For example, in chapter twenty three chastises Mr. Rochester: â€Å"Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—and fu ll as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.† (Jane Eyre) Although it is not seen in Oliver Twist, it is made very clear in Jane Eyre that there was no bending of society rules when it came to her and Mr. Rochester’s relationship. This only happened when Jane miraculously comes across an inheritance that put her closer to his social class making their marriage acceptable in society’s eyes. This I feel is an important point to make because if the story line was different and Jane did not come into an inheritance of money, I do not think that the relationship with Mr. Rochester would have been because of the social class rules that have been already been in place and criticized already. A different miracle can be seen in a split moment in Oliver Twist when, Oliver finds a home, being adopted by Mr. Brownlow. (Oliver Twist Ch. 53) In both instances were given better lives by the help of another, and not completely on their own doing. Second, in the novels both children characters of lower social class are treated as animals. Both characters as children are seen as intelligent and misunderstood and treatedShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1681 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of different ways throughout their novels Pride and the Prejudice and Jane Eyre. They do this through the use of stylistic devices which in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte alsoRead More Construction of Love and Gender in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre964 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of Love and Gender in Jane Eyre      Ã‚   Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte focuses primarily on love, specifically romantic love and it is the way in which Charlotte Bronte challenges 19th century socio-cultural views on gender and romance, as well as other discourses within the novel such as class and status that makes Jane Eyre successful.    The main discourse within Jane Eyre that impacts most greatly upon its feature, romantic love, is the societal classes of the timeRead MoreCharlotte Bronte ´s Jane Eyre: A Victorian Criticism737 Words   |  3 Pagescreation of a large middle class. It is well known for its many injustices, such as its rigid social class structure, mistreatment of the poor, and strict gender roles. Victorian authors, such as Charles Dickens, Matthew Arnold, George Elliot, and the Bronte sisters criticized these injustices in their works. Charlotte Bronte, who lived during the Victorian Era, wrote about the society’s injustices in her novels Jane Eyre, Shirley, and The Professor. The novel Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte’s responseRead More`` Money Makes The World Go Round `` By Jane Eyre1623 Words   |  7 Pagesaction. Elitism has a constant trend throughout history. Jane Eyre learns this lesson quite well in her life in the Victorian era. She constantly floats on the fringes of di fferent social classes, allowing readers to see the revolution that really emphasizes the materialist nature of the book. Her journey towards independence represents her ability to free herself from the oppressive hierarchy of the patriarchal, elitist Victorian era. Jane represents the Marxist nature of the book which bases lifeRead MoreJane Eyre and Class System973 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Jane In Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s time, the Victorian era, class system still played a huge role in society. People of a certain class would often look down on people from another class. Class was something you were born into. It was almost impossible to shift from one class to another. In the novel Jane Eyre, Brontà « presents a very revolutionary character in that aspect. Charlotte Brontà « is critical about the class system and tries to show that through Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is not influenced byRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte1124 Words   |  5 PagesJane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice were written in consecutive literary eras. Pride and Prejudice was written prior to Jane Eyre; Pride and Prejudice was written during the Regency Period and Jane Eyre was written in the Victorian Era (Kalikoff, Chin-Yi). Elizabeth, from Pride and Prejudice, marries a man named Mr. Darcy who was of a higher social class. Jane Eyre marries Rochester after she gains wealth from her uncle so their classes are equal. Marriage was the survival tool for women; women wouldRead MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre1317 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Jane Eyre After reading Jane Eyre, I think Jane Eyre is a great woman. Jane is disadvantaged in many ways as she has no wealth, family, social position or beauty. Jane does have intelligence though, and her disposition is such to make Rochester fall in love with her. Through a serious of troublesome situations between Jane Eyre and Mr. Rochester, the author set up a great female image before us: insisting on maintaining an independent personality, pursuing individual freedom, advocatingRead MoreFeminism in the Novel Jane Erye Essay examples1241 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief that women should have equal economic, political and social rights which were offered to men was known as feminism. Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writing for over two centuries, with the view articulating in the â€Å"19th century meaning that women were inherently equal to men and deserved equal rights and opportunities.† (Gustafson, 1) Many women throughout time have stood forward towards women’s rights. Jane Eyre was written and published during the Victorian Era. TheRead MoreJane Eyre And Great Expectations1192 Words   |  5 PagesJane Eyre Great Expectations Comparative Essay The novels Jane Eyre and Great Expectations both take place in a capitalist society. Marx’s fundamental ideas are prevalent in both novels. Karl Marx is a German philosopher who challenged capitalism with the creation of communism. Marx’s most essential and recognized beliefs are that class creates conflict, modern work is alienating, and class struggle is at the heart of the society. He also believes that individuals affected by capitalism areRead MoreThe Exposure of Feminist Critique in 19th Century Literature: a Look at Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre1749 Words   |  7 Pageshumorous or satirical. Charlotte Brontà «, a 19th century Victorian feminist wrote her novel Jane Eyre as a means of exposing the confining environments, shameful lack of education, and pitiful dependence upon male relatives for survival (Brackett, 2000). Charlotte Brontà « used literature as a means of feminist cultural resistance by identifying the underlying factors of how the Vi ctorian ideologies, gender and social construction of that time was limiting, and brings to light barriers that faced women

Essay on Abuse in Teen Relationships - 949 Words

Abuse in Teen relationships Violence and abuse in Teenage dating has become a real serious issue in American society, much research has been provided showing evidence that violence and abuse during adolescent and teen years can have a great deal of effects on the mental health of individuals and is major contributing factor to domestic violence later in adulthood. Current research also reveals that a large percentage of teenagers are experiencing some amounts of physical, sexual, and even emotional/mental abuse in their dating relationships. The significance in the number of individuals involved in these behaviors is really making a great deal of implications on the roles of counselors and specialists. However in order for counselors,†¦show more content†¦Research shows that some teens define abuse according to the intention and actual harm that is caused, in the same research individuals have reported that they take into consideration whether the act was a result of their partner joking around or a de monstration of their love. Various researches provide a range of percentage of teenagers involved in abusive relationships anywhere from 9- 57%, other surveys for example Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey say 9.4% of high school students report being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by their boyfriends or girlfriends in the 12 months prior to the survey. And the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey say about 1 in 5 women and nearly 1 in 7 men who ever experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner, first experienced some form of partner violence between 11 and 17 years of age. It’s believed by many people that dating violence happens to teens around their sophomore year, however recent research has shown that violent behavior typically begins between the ages of 12 and 18, and about 72% of eighth and ninth graders are dating. It is important to know that the severity of int imate partner violence is often greater in cases where the pattern of abuse is established during adolescence, and that early violence in these relationships can affectShow MoreRelatedTeen Relationship Abuse : A Major Problem899 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Relationship Abuse: A Major Problem in Todays Society? Teen relationship abuse affects many teens in the United States. Relationship abuse is a serious issue in todays society. There are many warning signs of relationship abuse. There are also many ways to prevent and end an abusive relationship. This paper will explain what teen relationship abuse is and things we can do to bring it to an end. What is teen relationship abuse? Teen relationship abuse is being in a relationship with a partnerRead MoreIs No Law For Teen Dating Violence?1357 Words   |  6 Pageseen violence has become a major problem in children today. Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 Pagesis their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (Dasgupta, 2011). The problems of teen dating involving violence, sex, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide are primarily causedRead MoreForms And Causes Of Teen Dating Violence1132 Words   |  5 Pages Forms and Causes of Teen Dating Violence Anya Colburn University of Nebraska — Kearney There are many things that teenagers end up going through, some good and some bad. One thing that some teenager unfortunately go through is dating violence. Dating violence is physical, emotional, psychologic, or sexual violence in a dating relationship. Throughout my paper I discuss some of the different reasons people may engage in dating violence, such as the media and bullying. I also discussRead MoreHigh School Dating : A Not So Cinderella Story1077 Words   |  5 Pagesdistraction of relationship drama causes teenagers to focus less on things like school. This in turn will cause their grades to suffer. Lower grades mean a smaller chance of getting accepted into colleges, or receiving scholarships. Another problem is the emotional impacts of an ugly breakup. Impacts are long lasting at any age, but especially so in high school. This is because students are still developing. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that affected teens have a higher riskRead MoreDome stic Violence : The United States And Around The World Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesPart One Knowledge of domestic violence is becoming prevalent in the United States and around the world. Family violence, teen dating violence and intimate partner violence are being talked about openly more; they are also becoming known as abuse and not something that is just â€Å"ok† or â€Å"just how a person is†. Beliefs and laws are changing toward nonviolence as discussed in this report. There are several different types of domestic violence that affect people today. According to â€Å"justice.gov† (2014)Read MoreTeens Top Reasons for Taking Drugs Essay614 Words   |  3 PagesThe relationship between teens and drugs has been around for decades; however, this is not what you would call positive. Substance abusing (which is using drugs or alcohol in ways than can cause physical harm) is often associated with crime. But why do youths take drugs? Youth take drugs for the following reasons: social disorganization, peer pressure, family factors, emotional, or rational choice. Social disorganization deals with drug abuse to poverty and disorganized urban environment. Read MoreTeen Pregnancy1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreThe Victims Of Teen Dating Violence And Substance Abuse796 Words   |  4 PagesSeveral studies identified a significant correlation among victims of teen dating violence and substance abuse. Those committing the act were more likely to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol, and victims show increasing signs of substance addiction to cope (Temple et al., 2013). Victims of teen dating violence can have increased problems associated with mental health, sexual risk behaviors, sexually trans mitted diseases, teen pregnancy, weight issues, and suicidal ideology (Maas, 2010). As aRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimization

Concealment in the Twelfth Night Free Essays

British Literature: Concealment in Twelfth Night Throughout Twelfth Night, concealment influences each character’s life because it’s essential to portray how falsehood can be amusing or agonizing before they can discover their identity in life. Therefore, the concept of concealment not only affects the characters’ mistaken identities and abilities to express true love, but it gives the story comedic and entertaining qualities. Furthermore, concealment portrayed throughout this story makes each character develop an identity with either showing cleverness or madness, while it also makes each character realize the principles towards obtaining love and truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Concealment in the Twelfth Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, Viola’s disguise as Cesario and Feste’s costume as Sir Topas shows that they are both clever and amusing which causes characters to experience deception and confusion until their identities are revealed. With this in mind, concealment not only deludes characters from reality, but it exposes the abundance of true love among Viola, Orsino, Olivia, Sebastian, Maria and Sir Toby, which leads to three marriages within the story. Nevertheless, concealment causes the people to experience deceptions and illusions, but also provides humor concerning the morality of human behavior. Moreover, the first example of concealment during the Twelfth Night is Viola’s disguise as Cesario. Viola’s concealment is central to the plot because it is clearly evident that the fluctuation in attitude to the dual role and the situations and tribulations imposed upon the character Viola/Cesario, ends up creating a better understanding of both sexes and thus, allows Viola to have a better understanding of Orsino. For instance, at the end of the story when Orsino finally realizes who Cesario is, he professes his love to Viola by saying: â€Å"When that is known, and golden time convents, A solemn combination shall be made Of our dear souls. Meantime, sweet sister, We will not part from hence. Cesario, come- For so you shall be, while you are a man; But when in other habits you are seen, Orsino’s mistress and his fancy’s queen† (5. 1. 352-358). Consequently, Viola learns that in the role of Cesario, she had to be quick on her feet and defend the probing questions and statements as to her love and others love for her. Also, she acquired the skill to bide her time, until the time was right, in case she reveal her true self or intentions. The disguise also prevents Viola from expressing her love for Orsino, it contributes to the dramatic ironies by causing complications of mistaken identity. Moreover, Viola cannot show her love for Orsino, the only way she can express them is in her soliloquies to the reader, this contributes to the dramatic ironies. For example, when Viola conveys to Orsino what Olivia told her concerning love by saying: â€Å"A blank, my lord. She never told her love, But let concealment, like a worm i’ the bud, Feed on her damask cheek. She pined in thought, And with a green and yellow melancholy She sat like patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed? We men may say more, swear more, but indeed Our shows are more than will, for still we prove Much in our vows, but little in our love† (2. 4. 108-115). There are many examples of concealment concerning Viola alone, which enables her to work for Orsino as a messenger: it causes Olivia to fall in love with her and it causes both of them to disguise their feelings from each other until Orsino becomes aware that Cesario is Viola. Concealment also causes mistaken identity. For example, Sir Andrew goes looking for Cesario, strikes him, finds out later it is, Sebastian. Sebastian hits him in return, but sevenfold, and Sebastian having been in Illyria only a few days is proposed to by a beautiful lady and is hit by a man he had never seen before, † Why, there’s for thee, and there, and there! Are all the people mad? â€Å"(4. 1. 16-17). This is a funny series of events started by the disguise of one single woman. It is evident therefore, that the disguises of Viola / Cesario as an example are very important and central to the plot. Also, it portrays how some characters are deceived about their true nature. An example of this is when Orsino sees himself becoming Olivia’s sweet perfections, fulfilling her sexual desire, thought and feeling. He naively believes that he is in love with Olivia when he has never really spoken with her. Another example is Olivia adopting the pretence of mourning and the puritanical Malvolio is tricked into the role of Olivia’s suitor and becomes a smiling courtier. As a result, oncealment contributes to most of the comedy because there is the occasion when Feste dresses up as Sir Topas and Sir Toby brings the joke to an end out of self interest than any concern for Malvolio. Feste uses a black parson’s gown, which is, ironically, the color normally associated with Malvolio, who in contrast is dressed in bright colors. This reversal provides a visible symbol of just how thoroughly his pride has been humiliated. Feste says, â€Å"There is no darkness but ignorance† and Malvolio’s ignorance has been ruthlessly exposed, although he was ignorant to think that Olivia loved him in the first place (4. . 33). It is the verbal and character comedy of Sir Topas, showing how humor comes from the rapid switching of roles and, if rather uneasily, from the deception of Malvolio. There are also more subtle examples of concealment in the Twelfth Night, the nature of characters as well as their identities are disguised. In the letter to Malvolio, Sir Toby Belch disguises his real motives behind his show of friendship for Sir Andrew. Illyria could also be a disguised England, not many people had traveled in Shakespeare’s day and so perhaps he ma de up Illyria to be a fantasy England. This place could be where all stereotypes of English people get up toimg src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" / a variety of things, creating familiar stereotypes in a slightly different setting. Perhaps also, Shakespeare wishes to show his audience how ready humans are to disguise themselves: Orsino and Olivia are both disguising their feelings, Malvolio’s vanity and illusions about himself and his mistress help in his humiliation. The irony is that Orsino and Olivia are led to face reality by the characters Viola and Sebastian, who are at the center of the confusion over identity. Disguised characters were a stock convention of comedy, but Shakespeare uses the device to give it wider significance. The play makes us consider what our beliefs are about ourselves and others based upon. Therefore, in conclusion, it can be seen how very important and significant the theme of concealment is. Many forms of concealment featured in the play portray how  emotions and intentions are disguised behind an outer appearance, pretence or an attitude in which the characters possess within each situation. Concealment connects the story, the characters and the different scenes in the play. However, if there wasn’t concealment in the Twelfth Night, there wouldn’t be any humor reflecting the conflicts or problems, which influences the characters’ lives with understanding the truth about love and what causes illusion/deception. Bibliography Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch et al. 4th ed. New York: Longman, 2009. Vol. 1B. pp. 1217-1272. How to cite Concealment in the Twelfth Night, Papers

Establish the Business in Totalitarian or Democratic System free essay sample

All countries in the world have various political environment and regimes. Political systems differ in terms of the governance, power and the rule of law. A political regime can be defined as structures, activities and processes by which given countries in the world govern themselves. Political systems can be based on either collectivism or individualism. It is essential for business to look at a country’s political environment as a vital criterion in venturing or expanding the business or company to that country. This is because political systems differ and each has its own form of governance that impacts a business in terms of its growth. International companies carry out international manufacture and activity in that they expand in diverse countries with the intention of increasing profits, market, revenues, as well as to prosper and grow (Dlabay and James 15). Political systems play a significant role in ensuring all this aspects occur; therefore, it is vital to consider which political system a country has in order to ensure a stable business environment for international companies. This report will critically examine the common statement â€Å"Democratic political system, as contrasting to totalitarian political systems, present international companies with more stable business environments to invest†. Personally, I agree with the statement because of diverse reason that justifies democratic political system to be the ideal form of government that provides a stable business environment for international companies. The report will address why I agree with this statement and it will include all the supporting evidences from diverse countries using either of the political system. . Overview of democratic and totalitarian political systems Democratic political system is a system whereby the government leaders of a country are elected directly by a wide or broad participation of the population or their representative. It is noted that a pure democratic political system is one that all citizens of a given country or state participate or get involved in the pol itical process (Schaffer, Filiberto and Beverley 40) This form of the political system is considered more of an ideal or perfect system than a workable system. In democratic political environment, there is a representative democracy, which entails the nomination of individuals from groups with the intention of representing the political needs, as well as views of citizens. An example of a state that practices a democratic political system is Britain and also, all the European Union, Japan, all Latin America except for Cuba, Russian Federation and the USA. On the other hand, totalitarian political system is a form of the political regime whereby a country or nation is governed by a person or a single political party that exercises total control and power over all spheres of human life. This political system prohibits any opposing political parties in the country. It is whereby individuals in a country govern the country without the support of its citizens. Totalitarianism political systems are of different categories, which include theocratic and secular totalitarianism. Secular totalitarianism includes communist, right wing and tribal totalitarianism. In totalitarianism, all activities in the government are administered by a single person, who is a dictator or a group of people who take orders from the dictator. This political system strives to control and take over all aspects of both public and private behavior by influencing the entire country towards the common policies and goals of the government (Cernak 23). An example of the country that practices totalitarianism is North Korea. 3. Critical analysis of business environments in democratic and totalitarian politic systems. Democratic way of governance is more ideal and stable for businesses internationally. One of the key reasons is because democracies have laws that protect individual property rights. These laws ensure that rights of individuals are protected and secured. International companies prosper and grow when there are laws protecting the business. According to research, commerce prospers or is successful when business sector includes independently owned companies that exist to make and increase profits (Axtmann 89). A country such as Britain uses a democratic form of governance or political system, and because of this, the country is one out of the many countries that diverse companies want to venture their business it. This makes the country a stable business environment of international companies. Democratic political system business laws ensures all businesses especially in the private sectors are independent in that they carry out their own business operations with the intent of making profits and revenues; thus grows and improves the economy. In a totalitarianism political system, there is a difference in that this form of government has vague business laws. There is no guarantee that international enterprises would prosper in countries practicing this government. For example in North Korea, the business laws are nebulous in that multinational companies are not protected. The international firms can be taken by the government, and this occurs when there are international issues or wrong movements by the companies. This shows that it is risky to do business with totalitarian nations such as North Korea; thus it is not a conducive environment for international companies or businesses. The other reason that justifies that democracy government is a more stable environment for international businesses than the totalitarian government is the aspect of freedom. Freedom is all about liberty of people doing their own things though, not in violation of the country’s laws. Countries such as the US, Britain, Greece and many others ensure the freedom of businesses and market, which in turn attracts several companies to invest in the countries contributing to a high economic growth. The laws have freedom rights that secure individuals and their properties including their businesses. These freedom rights are essential for businesses because they contribute to the prosperity of the business. The freedom rights are also essential for a stable business environment because they ensure that business is done with liberty, in that companies carry out their own operations making their own decisions in regard to the growth of the business. This will ensure the growth of the company; thus essential for a stable environment for international business. Totalitarian governance lacks freedom in that it imposes authority. Totalitarian governance is all about dictating. This means that what the government says is followed with strictness. This is not appropriate for businesses if they want to grow and make profits of their own. Examples of a country that controls businesses include the Asian countries such as Iraq, North Korea and many others. These countries control the businesses that are carried out in the countries respectively. This aspect is not considered for international business because it imposition of authority would not make the international businesses make their own profits. This imposition of authority by government leaders control how the business will be operated, what they will sell and also how they will sell it. This control limits a company’s mode of growth in acquiring and making profits and revenues benefiting the company. Because of this, such countries with this government form are risky to carry out business with; thus not an essential environment for international business (Tanasoiu and Aniela 265). In practice, there are compared different aspects and situations of establishing business in California and North Korea (Table 1) Main aspects of Music Business in California and North Korea California| North Korea| 1. Survey age group and the type of music that the people listened to. In the United States, people are allowed to listen any type of music that | 1. The government determines the type of music that the people are allowed to listen | 2. Design an Internet web site| 2. A huge stumbling block is the information technology in North Korea. Very little, if any, Internet access exists| 3. Scout out the perfect location and rent a building in a very populated area| 3. Travel would be very restricted and this would hamper efforts to find a good location for business. There are necessary to know someone who could help through the complicated process there. 4. Have employees that would be responsible for details and create communication with them| 4. Problem with communications because of close mind and probably different education, religion and culture | 5. Go to the county and get a building permit. | 5. There are necessary to convince the government officials that company would only sell music that they agreed to. Bribes are accepted. | 6. Hire someone to desi gn the store. | | 7. Use television, radio and billboards to advertise the store| 7. Bringing supplies for the business into the country would be a real challenge. Since the country is technology challenged, it is uncertain if people even own the electronics that are necessary to play music. | 8. Numerous financial institutions in the United States where the company will be able to borrow money without any problems and use banking service in general| 8. Poor financial sector. | Table 1 In totalitarianism countries, international businesses or companies are at risk of downfall due to the extensive political risk involved. For example, Iraq, the country has numerous political risks, which include terrorism, violence and property seizures cause the downfall of a business. A country such as China, which includes political risks such as local content requirements and policy changes do not portray a stable environment for international companies. These political risks can cause international companies to fall; thus lose their businesses, profits, sales and market. This environment is not ideal for business (Peng 36). However, the democracy nations such as, Canada, Russia, India, the US and others also have political risks, but they are not extensive as the totalitarian countries. These countries have laws that protect companies in cases such as political risks or any other risks. These laws are what makes international companies venture in democratic nations making these nations more stable for the business environment than the totalitarianism governance nations. Conclusion Political systems do matter when it comes to international business venturing or investment. This is because they play a fundamental part in ensuring companies do grow and prosper. Democratic political system nations provide a more stable environment for international business because they are governed by laws, entails freedom of individuals and property, rights and no censorship. These factors are highly essential for a business environment in regard to political structures. Totalitarianism political system nations have imposed authority, vague business law and they lack constitutional guarantee on business. These factors make these countries practicing this form of governance, not an ideal environment for international business. Because of these factors, I support the statement that democratic political system provides a more stable international business environment than the totalitarianism political regime. Executive summery We live in a world in which counterfeiting, plagiarism and piracy are on the increase. A world in which products are unlawfully imitated, trademarks and designs are infringed, copyright is violated and music is downloaded illegally. Intellectual Property rights are infringed in more and more territories worldwide. The need for brand protection and anti-counterfeiting has therefore never been as urgent as it is now. This report will seek explain what is the current level of the agreed intellectual property protection under the World Trade Organisation (â€Å"WTO†) TRIPS Agreement and how the proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (â€Å"ACTA†) would change that. Also there are will be determine the actions companies and governments can take to ensure that products cannot be easily pirated. Introduction Concern about piracy and counterfeiting is growing. Research by the European Commission shows that more than 100 million counterfeit products are seized every year in the EU alone. A significant portion of the counterfeit products come from China (64%), but other countries like the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) and Taiwan are also creating unprecedented flows of counterfeit products. Counterfeit products are flooding the markets and also stimulate unwanted parallel imports, not only harming businesses but also consumers. Due to the growth of the internet as a sales channel, international markets and sales channels are getting closer and closer. Of course, online sales provide a fantastic opportunity for businesses, but it can be worrying at the same time. While it used to be only counterfeit watches or clothes that were traded online, these days medicines, vitamins, and even aircraft parts are also being replicated. International law: intellectual property protection In 1994, the United States, the EC and its Member States and other developed countries, created a new trade treaty on Intellectual property in part in recognition of â€Å"the need for a multilateral framework of principles, rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods † among other reasons. That treaty, which is part of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO), is called the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The TRIPS Agreement established for the first time a single, comprehensive, multilateral set of rules covering all kinds of Intellectual property rights. The TRIPS Agreement is, by its coverage, the most comprehensive international instrument on international property rights. The agreement establishes minimum standards on copyright and related rights, including computer programmes and databases, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial design, patents, integrated circuits and undisclosed information. The standards of protection relate both to the availability of rights as well as their enforcement. This means that member countries cannot, in the specific areas and issues covered by the agreement, confer a lower level of protection than provided under the agreement. It is difficult to comprehend what it is that ACTA seeks to add to the already comprehensive TRIPS Agreement. However one of the major justifications for ACTA is that the proliferation of counterfeit goods poses an ever increasing threat to the sustainable development of the world economy. It is a problem with serious economic and social consequences. Recently there have been a number of challenges which have made the problem more pervasive and harder to tackle; namely, the speed and ease of digital reproduction; the growing importance of the internet as a means of distribution; the sophistication and resources of international counterfeiters; and the increase in the volume and types of dangerous counterfeit goods . Whilst this is recognized as a threat to world wide economies it is difficult to see how this aim differs from that of the TRIPS agreement, . . e. the need for multilateral framework of principles rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods to support the need for this treaty. Therefore the main thrust of ACTA is to provide safe harbour for service providers so that they may not hesitate to provide information about infringers; this may be used, for instance, to quickly identify and stop infringers once their identities are c onfirmed by their providers. Similarly, it provides for criminalization of copyright infringement, granting law enforcement the powers to perform criminal investigation, arrests and pursue criminal citations or prosecution of suspects who may have infringed on copyright. It also allows criminal investigations and invasive searches to be performed against individuals. Also, Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) are two bills take aim at Web sites that promote piracy and theft of intellectual property. But now it is sharp and controversial issue as there are many negative views about the benefits of these laws. On the one hand it will reduce the level of piracy, but on the other hand, it is inconsistent with the law on the free right to receive information. In addition, it will have enormous impact on students and the scheme of doing business in general because of large number of transactions conducted through the Internet. Actions which can help to protect brands from piracy A Patent is an exclusive right granted for a new invention â€Å"The Patent System added the fuel of interest to the fire of the genius†, that was a famous quote by Abraham Lincoln. Similar to copyrights, patents are intended mainly to promote the progress of science and useful arts, that’s through encouraging the disclosure of the invention which may add to and enrich its technical field. Moreover, patents are considered as a kind of recognition and material reward for the inventors, as well as incentives that induce innovation. Unlike copyrights, a patent must be registered to obtain legal protection. A patent is registered by simply filling in a Patent Application. This application should include all information concerning the invention, such as its title, its technical field, a detailed background and description of the product or the process. Such description should be very clear and detailed and should include visual illustrations such as drawings and diagrams so that any other one in the field could be able to understand and reproduce that invention. The Application should also, contain claims of the extent of protection granted by the patent. In general, inventors must apply for patents in each country where they wish to commercially exploit their invention. In each country, there’s a National Patent Office, through which inventors can register their patents. There are also Regional Offices such as the European Patent Office, where an applicant can obtain a European Patent that will be equivalent to a national patent in each of the member countries designated by the patent. The WIPO had administered a Patent Cooperation Treaty in 1970, whereby an applicant can apply for an International Patent Application and obtain protection in as many member countries as he wishes. Basically, a trademark is a distinctive sign that distinguishes certain goods or business. According to a code adopted in 1963 by the International Assembly for the Protection of Industrial Property, this identifying symbol could be could be, a word, a slogan, a drawing, a symbol, a color, the shape of the product or its packaging, audible signs such as music or a sound. A trademark could also be a brand name such as IBM computers or BMW motors. Companies are developing special decals of their products which are difficult to fake pirates. For example, Nemiroff Company since 2002 to protect their vodka against counterfeiting with a laser. After spending $ 1 million, Nemiroff has mastered the technology of the pplication date of manufacture of the product on the neck and cap of the bottle so that the numbers are strictly located one above the other. In 2007, the Ukrainian producer has spent another $ 6. 6 million, equipping the original bottle more visible landmark a cap-detector, in which, after first opening the bottle there is a red ring. Thus the development of special stickers and protective signs on products allow to distinguish the original from a fake. Recommendations Registering Domain Names A company has to register an Internet domain name similar to the name of the brand it wants to protect from piracy. Then it can host a website where customers can find information about the genuine product. To prevent other people from registering a similar name with different domains, company can register the same domain name with various extensions such as . info, . org and . us. Properly organize and trademark the company name. A company always should be formally incorporated or organized as a limited liability company. However, in many cases, the name of the company also should be trademarked. For example, Google is a corporation organized in the state of Delaware. At the same time, the word Google is a registered trademark of Google Inc. By both incorporating and trademarking the name, the founders of Google were able to gain the most legal protection for this very important brand. Trademark all derivatives of the company name and its products. For example, Pepsi has trademarked the names and logos of products such as Pepsi Next, Pepsi Vanilla, Cherry Pepsi and so on. Before going into a new market or introducing a new product, thoroughly research the prospective name or names and secure their protection. Even when the company has taken precautions, people may still pirate the brand, so its important to conduct brand monitoring. Make routine Internet searches to find out if someone is selling a product with the same brand name online. Send people to stores for random checks to see if any business has stocked a pirated version of product. Enforcement Procedures Protect the brand by using enforcement procedures in the government jurisdictions where the brand could be pirated. For example, a company in a particular country may copy the brand and produce it. Ask the government there about the procedures it uses to enforce trademarks. This may act as a deterrent.